AA yellow drill was the first item placed on the courtyard shelf. Several neighbours soon added a hammer, a ladder and a set of brushes. At first, labels showed only the owners' names. Borrowers repeatedly knocked on those owners' doors to ask when tools were free, so the shelf had not removed the need for individual messages. The organiser then added a paper calendar beside the shelf. Each borrower wrote a start time and a return time before taking anything. The useful change was not the larger collection itself but a shared way to see when each item would be available.
BOne afternoon, a loose handle was found on the hammer. The organiser did not respond by checking every tool alone. Instead, a volunteer put a red tag on the damaged item and entered the problem in a repair log. Tools with these tags stayed off the borrowing list until a check was complete. Different neighbours took turns examining returned items, while owners decided whether a damaged tool should be repaired or removed. A small fault had therefore led to a shared safety routine rather than a permanent inspection job for one person. The calendar still controlled borrowing times, but it could not replace this separate check.
中文对照
A 一把黄色电钻是最先放到庭院架子上的物品。几位邻居很快又添了一把锤子、一架梯子和一套刷子。起初，标签只写物主姓名。借用者反复敲物主的门，询问工具何时空闲，所以这个架子并没有消除逐个询问的需要。组织者随后在架子旁加了一份纸质日历。每位借用者在拿走任何物品之前都写下开始时间和归还时间。有用的变化并不是工具本身的数量增多了，而是大家有了共同查看每件工具何时可用的办法。
B 一天下午，有人发现锤子的柄松了。组织者没有因此独自检查所有工具。相反，一位志愿者给损坏的物品挂了红色标签，并把问题记入维修日志。带有这些标签的工具在检查完成前都不列入可借清单。不同邻居轮流检查归还的物品，物主则决定损坏的工具该维修还是移除。因此，一个小故障带来了一套共同承担的安全流程，而不是让某个人永久负责检查。日历仍然管理借用时间，但不能代替这项独立的检查。
词汇手边卡
courtyard
庭院
borrower
借用者
available
可用的；有空的
inspection
检查
routine
固定流程；惯例
10–30 · 20 分钟
2. 一段到底：主题加上展开方向
阅读技巧训练 · 本课原创材料与教学编排
阅读 p2 的 A 段时，不急着把第一句改写成标题。先识别段落一直围绕的对象，再找作者对这个对象究竟解释了什么。一个能用于选标题的概括，应当比“博物馆的杯子”多说出一层关系。
AA chipped cup sat in a clear box near the museum entrance. Visitors often asked what it felt like, but staff could not let hundreds of hands touch the fragile original. They placed a strong copy on a low table instead. Visitors could turn the copy over and feel its uneven base while the original remained protected. The table gave access to features that a label alone could not communicate.
BThe first copy carried a tiny blue mark underneath. A few visitors thought this mark identified the cup's ancient maker, although it had been added by the modern workshop. Staff kept the mark but changed the label beside the table. It now separated known facts about the original from choices made when producing the copy. Similarity was useful only when visitors could also recognise the limits of the reconstruction.
CA raised edge prevented objects from rolling off one side of the table. Staff initially assumed that this made the whole station easy to use. However, a visitor who used a wheelchair could not reach the cups at the back. After several practice sessions with local volunteers, the objects were moved forward and space was cleared underneath. Decisions about the arrangement now followed observed use rather than appearance alone.
DStaff counted how many people stopped at the table during its first week. A long queue seemed encouraging, yet it did not show whether visitors understood the objects. The next week, staff asked willing visitors to describe one difference between a copy and an original. These brief explanations helped the team judge understanding, instead of treating the size of the crowd as sufficient evidence of learning.
中文对照
A 博物馆入口附近的透明盒子里放着一只缺了口的杯子。参观者经常问它摸起来是什么感觉，但工作人员不能让成百上千只手触摸脆弱的原物。他们改为在一张矮桌上放了一件结实的复制品。参观者可以把复制品翻过来，摸到它不平整的底部，而原物仍然受到保护。这个展台让人接触到仅靠标签无法传达的特征。
B 第一件复制品底下有一个小小的蓝色标记。几位参观者以为这个标记说明了杯子的古代制作者，尽管它其实是现代作坊加上的。工作人员保留了标记，但修改了展台旁的标签。新标签把有关原物的已知事实和制作复制品时作出的选择区分开来。只有当参观者也能认识到复原的局限时，相似性才有用。
C 一道凸起的边沿防止物品从桌子的一侧滚落。工作人员起初以为，这就使整个展台容易使用了。然而，一位使用轮椅的参观者够不到后面的杯子。经过几次有本地志愿者参与的试用，物品被移到前面，桌子下方也清出了空间。现在，摆放安排依据观察到的使用情况来决定，而不再只看外观。
D 第一周，工作人员统计了有多少人在展台前停留。长队看起来令人鼓舞，却不能说明参观者是否理解了这些物品。下一周，工作人员请愿意回答的参观者说出复制品和原物之间的一处区别。这些简短的解释帮助团队判断理解情况，而不是把人群规模当作已经学会的充分证据。
AA chipped cup sat in a clear box near the museum entrance. Visitors often asked what it felt like, but staff could not let hundreds of hands touch the fragile original. They placed a strong copy on a low table instead. Visitors could turn the copy over and feel its uneven base while the original remained protected. The table gave access to features that a label alone could not communicate.
BThe first copy carried a tiny blue mark underneath. A few visitors thought this mark identified the cup's ancient maker, although it had been added by the modern workshop. Staff kept the mark but changed the label beside the table. It now separated known facts about the original from choices made when producing the copy. Similarity was useful only when visitors could also recognise the limits of the reconstruction.
CA raised edge prevented objects from rolling off one side of the table. Staff initially assumed that this made the whole station easy to use. However, a visitor who used a wheelchair could not reach the cups at the back. After several practice sessions with local volunteers, the objects were moved forward and space was cleared underneath. Decisions about the arrangement now followed observed use rather than appearance alone.
DStaff counted how many people stopped at the table during its first week. A long queue seemed encouraging, yet it did not show whether visitors understood the objects. The next week, staff asked willing visitors to describe one difference between a copy and an original. These brief explanations helped the team judge understanding, instead of treating the size of the crowd as sufficient evidence of learning.
中文对照
A 博物馆入口附近的透明盒子里放着一只缺了口的杯子。参观者经常问它摸起来是什么感觉，但工作人员不能让成百上千只手触摸脆弱的原物。他们改为在一张矮桌上放了一件结实的复制品。参观者可以把复制品翻过来，摸到它不平整的底部，而原物仍然受到保护。这个展台让人接触到仅靠标签无法传达的特征。
B 第一件复制品底下有一个小小的蓝色标记。几位参观者以为这个标记说明了杯子的古代制作者，尽管它其实是现代作坊加上的。工作人员保留了标记，但修改了展台旁的标签。新标签把有关原物的已知事实和制作复制品时作出的选择区分开来。只有当参观者也能认识到复原的局限时，相似性才有用。
C 一道凸起的边沿防止物品从桌子的一侧滚落。工作人员起初以为，这就使整个展台容易使用了。然而，一位使用轮椅的参观者够不到后面的杯子。经过几次有本地志愿者参与的试用，物品被移到前面，桌子下方也清出了空间。现在，摆放安排依据观察到的使用情况来决定，而不再只看外观。
D 第一周，工作人员统计了有多少人在展台前停留。长队看起来令人鼓舞，却不能说明参观者是否理解了这些物品。下一周，工作人员请愿意回答的参观者说出复制品和原物之间的一处区别。这些简短的解释帮助团队判断理解情况，而不是把人群规模当作已经学会的充分证据。
AAn old photograph showed three boats beside a wooden landing stage. A volunteer placed it in a folder labelled 'summer', because the people wore light clothes. Other volunteers questioned the date: the caption named a person but gave no season. The group stopped sorting uncertain images by appearance alone. From then on, a folder label needed support from a written record or a clearly dated companion photograph.
BSome pictures had no useful caption at all. Rather than inviting the public to identify the entire collection in one meeting, the room displayed six uncertain images each Saturday. Visitors could write suggestions on cards and explain what supported them. Staff copied the cards before removing the display. This small, repeating request made it possible to gather local knowledge without asking anyone to examine hundreds of photographs.
CTwo visitors gave different names for the same boat. The team did not choose the name offered most confidently. It kept both suggestions in the catalogue, attached each contributor's reason and marked the entry as unresolved. Later evidence could settle the question, but until then the record would show the disagreement. An open uncertainty was considered more useful than a tidy label that concealed competing accounts.
DA student returned a scan in which a dark corner had been brightened. The change made a sign easier to read, but the scan no longer showed exactly what appeared in the stored photograph. The room began keeping an untouched scan alongside each edited version. A note recorded every adjustment. Visitors could use the clearer image while still checking what had been changed and comparing it with the original scan.
中文对照
A 一张老照片里，三条船停在木制登船平台旁。一位志愿者因为照片里的人穿着轻薄衣服，就把它放进标有“夏季”的文件夹。其他志愿者质疑这个时间判断：图注写了一个人的名字，却没有给出季节。小组不再仅凭外观给时间不确定的图片分类。从那以后，文件夹标签需要书面记录或一张日期明确的相关照片提供支持。
B 有些图片根本没有有用的图注。资料室没有邀请公众在一次活动中辨认全部收藏，而是每周六展示六张信息不确定的图片。访客可以把建议写在卡片上，并解释依据。工作人员在撤下展示之前会复制这些卡片。这种小规模、反复进行的请求，让资料室能够收集本地知识，而无需让任何一个人查看数百张照片。
C 两位访客为同一条船提供了不同的名字。团队没有选择说得最有把握的那个名字，而是在目录中保留了两种建议，附上每位提供者的理由，并把该条目标为尚未解决。后来的证据可能解决问题，但在此之前，记录会呈现这一分歧。公开保留不确定性，被认为比一个掩盖不同说法的整齐标签更有用。
D 一名学生交回了一份扫描图，其中一个暗角被调亮了。这个改动使一块标牌更容易辨认，但扫描图已不再完全呈现收藏照片原本的样子。资料室开始在每个编辑版本旁保留一份未经改动的扫描图，并用说明记录每一项调整。访客可以使用更清楚的图像，同时仍能核查哪些地方被改过，并将它与原始扫描图比较。
AAn old photograph showed three boats beside a wooden landing stage. A volunteer placed it in a folder labelled 'summer', because the people wore light clothes. Other volunteers questioned the date: the caption named a person but gave no season. The group stopped sorting uncertain images by appearance alone. From then on, a folder label needed support from a written record or a clearly dated companion photograph.
BSome pictures had no useful caption at all. Rather than inviting the public to identify the entire collection in one meeting, the room displayed six uncertain images each Saturday. Visitors could write suggestions on cards and explain what supported them. Staff copied the cards before removing the display. This small, repeating request made it possible to gather local knowledge without asking anyone to examine hundreds of photographs.
CTwo visitors gave different names for the same boat. The team did not choose the name offered most confidently. It kept both suggestions in the catalogue, attached each contributor's reason and marked the entry as unresolved. Later evidence could settle the question, but until then the record would show the disagreement. An open uncertainty was considered more useful than a tidy label that concealed competing accounts.
DA student returned a scan in which a dark corner had been brightened. The change made a sign easier to read, but the scan no longer showed exactly what appeared in the stored photograph. The room began keeping an untouched scan alongside each edited version. A note recorded every adjustment. Visitors could use the clearer image while still checking what had been changed and comparing it with the original scan.
中文对照
A 一张老照片里，三条船停在木制登船平台旁。一位志愿者因为照片里的人穿着轻薄衣服，就把它放进标有“夏季”的文件夹。其他志愿者质疑这个时间判断：图注写了一个人的名字，却没有给出季节。小组不再仅凭外观给时间不确定的图片分类。从那以后，文件夹标签需要书面记录或一张日期明确的相关照片提供支持。
B 有些图片根本没有有用的图注。资料室没有邀请公众在一次活动中辨认全部收藏，而是每周六展示六张信息不确定的图片。访客可以把建议写在卡片上，并解释依据。工作人员在撤下展示之前会复制这些卡片。这种小规模、反复进行的请求，让资料室能够收集本地知识，而无需让任何一个人查看数百张照片。
C 两位访客为同一条船提供了不同的名字。团队没有选择说得最有把握的那个名字，而是在目录中保留了两种建议，附上每位提供者的理由，并把该条目标为尚未解决。后来的证据可能解决问题，但在此之前，记录会呈现这一分歧。公开保留不确定性，被认为比一个掩盖不同说法的整齐标签更有用。
D 一名学生交回了一份扫描图，其中一个暗角被调亮了。这个改动使一块标牌更容易辨认，但扫描图已不再完全呈现收藏照片原本的样子。资料室开始在每个编辑版本旁保留一份未经改动的扫描图，并用说明记录每一项调整。访客可以使用更清楚的图像，同时仍能核查哪些地方被改过，并将它与原始扫描图比较。
AA narrow table beside the evening market held bottles of washing liquid. The first customers liked the idea of refilling containers, but several arrived with bottles that still contained another product. Volunteers realised that enthusiasm alone was not enough to make the service usable. They drew a short preparation guide showing how to empty, wash and dry a container before bringing it to the cart. Questions at the queue then became part of planning the service.
BFor a while, two volunteers wrote each sale on separate sheets. Their totals often differed because one counted containers while the other counted litres. The team adopted a single shared sheet with a separate column for each measure. Both volunteers checked the entries before closing. This did not guarantee that mistakes would disappear, but it gave them a common record and a clear way to investigate a difference.
COn windy evenings, the cart sometimes stood behind the market hall rather than beside the gate. A bright flag had been intended to help people find it, yet customers still waited at the usual spot. The team therefore added a location notice at the gate and posted the same information before opening. The cart could keep moving when necessary without leaving customers to guess where the service had gone.
DAfter four evenings, the team considered buying a second cart. Sales figures looked promising, but nobody had recorded how much time cleaning the equipment required. Instead of expanding immediately, the volunteers kept the service at one cart for another month and began recording cleaning time. They wanted to understand the less visible workload before deciding whether another cart could be managed with the available helpers.
中文对照
A 晚间市场旁的一张窄桌上摆着一瓶瓶洗涤液。最初的顾客喜欢给容器补充液体的想法，但有几个人带来的瓶子里还装着另一种产品。志愿者意识到，仅有热情不足以让这项服务可用。他们绘制了一份简短的准备指南，说明把容器带到售货车前应如何倒空、清洗并晾干。排队时出现的问题也开始成为规划服务时考虑的内容。
B 有一段时间，两名志愿者各用一张记录表登记每次销售。他们的总数经常不同，因为一人数容器，另一人记升数。团队采用了一张共用记录表，每种计量各有一栏。两名志愿者在收摊前一起核对记录。这不能保证错误会消失，但为他们提供了一份共同记录，也提供了查明差异的清楚办法。
C 刮风的晚上，售货车有时停在市场大厅后面，而不是大门旁。鲜艳的旗帜原本是为了帮助人们找到它，但顾客仍然在惯常地点等候。因此，团队在大门处加了一张位置告示，并在营业前发布同样的信息。这样，售货车仍能在必要时移动，而不必让顾客猜服务去了哪里。
D 营业四晚后，团队考虑购买第二辆售货车。销售数字看起来很有前景，但还没有人记录清洁设备需要多少时间。志愿者没有立即扩大规模，而是在接下来的一个月继续只用一辆车，并开始记录清洁时间。他们希望先了解那些不太显眼的工作量，再决定现有帮手是否能管理另一辆车。
AA silver coat hung at the entrance to the costume store. Students searching for clothes often noticed it first, but attractive items were not always useful for their roles. Labels originally listed only colours and sizes. After repeated questions about stretching, running and quick changes, the keeper added information about movement and fastening. The catalogue began describing what costumes allowed performers to do, not merely what the costumes looked like.
BOne jacket returned with a torn pocket after a rehearsal. The borrower had worn it during a crawling scene, although its seams were intended only for ordinary walking. The store introduced a short conversation about planned actions before each loan. Fragile pieces could still be borrowed, but only for movements suited to their condition. A matching size no longer counted as sufficient evidence that a costume was suitable.
CDuring the next production, a missing button was replaced with a slightly different one. The change seemed too small to matter until another group needed six identical jackets. The keeper began attaching a repair card to every altered item and noting which parts had changed. The cards did not stop repairs; they made changes visible so that later borrowers could judge whether a group of costumes would still match.
DAt the end of the term, the shelves appeared full. Nevertheless, several productions had failed to find plain coats that performers could move in easily. The keeper compared unmet requests with the stock list before spending the remaining budget. Decorative outfits were already plentiful, so buying more of them would not address the recorded gaps. Future purchases would follow evidence of unmet needs rather than the number of empty hangers.
中文对照
A 一件银色外套挂在戏服库入口。找衣服的学生常常最先注意到它，但好看的物品并不总是适合他们的角色。标签起初只列颜色和尺码。在反复被问到伸展、奔跑和快速换装之后，管理员加入了有关动作和扣合方式的信息。目录开始描述戏服允许表演者做什么，而不只是描述戏服的样子。
B 一件夹克在排练后归还时，口袋破了。借用者在一场爬行动作的戏里穿了它，尽管它的接缝只适合普通行走。戏服库开始在每次借出前简短询问计划中的动作。易损的服装仍然可以借，但只能用于适合其现有状况的动作。尺码合适不再被视为服装适用的充分证据。
C 在下一场制作中，一粒丢失的纽扣被换成了一粒略有不同的纽扣。这个变化原本似乎小得不重要，直到另一组人需要六件完全相同的夹克。管理员开始在每件改动过的物品上附一张维修卡，注明哪些部位发生了变化。这些卡片没有阻止维修，而是让改动可见，使后来的借用者能判断一组戏服是否仍然相配。
D 学期末，架子看起来满满的。然而，几个剧组没能找到让表演者活动自如的素色外套。管理员在使用剩余预算前，把未能满足的请求与库存清单作了比较。装饰性服装已经很多，所以再买更多也解决不了记录中的缺口。今后的采购会依据尚未满足的需求，而不是空衣架的数量。
